What can cause infertility in men?

Male infertility is a common issue that affects about half of all couples struggling to conceive. It can result from a range of health problems and lifestyle factors that interfere with sperm production, quality, or delivery. Below are the most common causes of male infertility:

1. Hormonal Imbalances

Low levels of key hormones—such as testosterone or thyroid hormones—can disrupt sperm production and sexual function. Conditions like hypogonadism or thyroid disease may play a role.

2. Testicular Issues

Damage to the testicles from injury, infections like mumps orchitis, or developmental issues can impair sperm production and quality.

3. Sperm Transport Problems

Blockages in the reproductive tract can prevent sperm from being ejaculated. This may result from infections, prior surgeries, congenital defects, or conditions like varicocele—swollen veins in the scrotum that affect testicular temperature and function.

4. Abnormal Sperm Function

Even if sperm counts are normal, sperm may be abnormally shaped or poorly motile, making it difficult to fertilize an egg.

5. Genetic or Chromosomal Disorders

Conditions like Klinefelter's syndrome or cystic fibrosis can impair sperm development or block sperm delivery, reducing fertility.

6. Environmental and Occupational Toxins

Exposure to radiation, pesticides, heavy metals, or industrial chemicals can negatively impact sperm count and function.

7. Medications, Drugs, and Substance Use

Some prescription drugs—including antidepressants and anabolic steroids—along with alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drugs, are known to affect male fertility.

8. Chronic Health Conditions

Diseases such as diabetes, liver or kidney disorders, and malnutrition can disrupt hormone levels and impair fertility.

9. Unexplained Male Infertility

In nearly 50% of cases, no specific cause is identified despite thorough testing. This condition is called idiopathic male infertility.

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