What is male infertility? Understanding the basics
Infertility can be one of the most emotionally challenging experiences a couple faces. It’s more common than many people realize—about 1 in 7 couples in the United States struggle to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected sex.
While many people assume infertility is mostly a women’s health issue, research shows that’s not the full picture. In fact, male infertility plays a role in nearly half of all cases.
Let’s take a closer look at what male infertility is, what causes it, and why it’s so important to include both partners in any fertility evaluation.
What Exactly Is Infertility?
Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse. While some couples go on to conceive in their second or third year of trying, the chances of success drop significantly after three years without medical intervention.
It’s a shared issue: sometimes it’s due to the male partner, sometimes the female partner, and sometimes both. Studies show:
20% of infertility cases are due to male factors alone.
30% involve both partners having fertility issues.
And in about 15% of cases, all test results come back normal—leaving no clear explanation for why conception isn’t happening.
That’s why it’s critical to evaluate both partners from the start.
What Is Male Infertility?
Male infertility refers to a man’s inability to contribute to conception. It’s usually tied to problems with sperm production or function—meaning there may be too few sperm, sperm that don’t move well, or sperm with abnormal shapes that can’t fertilize an egg.
In some cases, there’s a blockage or hormonal issue that interferes with sperm delivery. In others, the cause may be genetic, environmental, or related to lifestyle factors like alcohol use, tobacco, certain medications, or exposure to heat or toxins.
Many men with fertility problems don’t notice any obvious symptoms. That’s why a semen analysis—a test that checks sperm count, movement, and shape—is often the first step in identifying an issue.
Why Early Evaluation Matters
If a couple is struggling to conceive, it’s important not to delay seeking answers. Fertility declines over time, and early intervention increases the chances of success—whether that means improving sperm health through lifestyle changes or exploring assisted reproductive techniques like IUI or IVF.
A comprehensive male fertility evaluation may include:
A review of medical and sexual history
Physical exam
Semen analysis
Hormone testing
Genetic or imaging studies, if needed
The good news? Many causes of male infertility are treatable—especially if detected early.
The Bottom Line
Male infertility is more common than many people think, and in about 50% of infertility cases, the male partner plays at least some role. Understanding this is the first step toward breaking the stigma and getting the right care.
If you and your partner have been trying to conceive without success, don’t wait. A timely evaluation can bring clarity—and options.
At Bastion Health, we offer confidential virtual consultations, comprehensive fertility testing, and expert guidance from urologists—all covered through your employer-sponsored benefits. Take the first step toward answers and support.
